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Partnership
The relationship between persons who have agreed to share the profit of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all.
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General Features
1-Number of persons- minimum -2, Maximum- 100
2-Agreement/deed – it may be written or oral
3- Business must be lawful and profit seeking
4- Sharing of profit as per agreed ratio.
5- Business carried on by all or any of them acting for all
6- Utmost good faith.
7- unlimited liability
8- No separate legal existence
Partnership deed
It is a written document containing the terms of partnership as agreed to by the partners.
Contents of Partnership deed
- Name of the firm
- Name and address of partners
- Nature & place of business
- Date of commencement of business
- Duration if any
- Division of profit or loss
- Interest on capital or drawings
- Interest on partners loan
- Salaries,commission etc
Provisions of Partnership Act Relevant for Accounting
Rules applicable in the absence of partnership deed
1. Profit sharing ratio – The profits and losses of the firm are to be shared equally by partners
2. Interest on capital – No partner is entitled to claim any interest on the amount of capital
3. Interest on drawings – No interest is to be charged on the drawings made by the partners.
4. Remuneration to partners – No partner is entitled to get salary or other remuneration for taking part in the conduct of the business
5. Interest on loan – : If any partner has advanced loan to the firm for the purpose of business, he/she shall be entitled to get an interest t at the rate of 6%per annum.
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Capital Accounts of Partners
All transactions relating to partners of the firm are recorded in the books of the firm through their capital accounts. This includes the amount of money brought in as capital, withdrawal of capital, share of profit, interest on capital, interest on drawings, partner’s salary, commission to partners, etc
Methods of maintaining Partner’s capital accounts:
- Fixed capital method and
- Fluctuating capital method
A – Fixed capital Method
Under this method , the original capital invested by partners remains fixed unless some additional capital is introduced or capital withdrawn.Hence all items other than capital are not to be shown in capital account.For all those items are shown in a separate “Current account”. Thus each partner will have two accounts,
- Capital account
- Current account ( all adjustments are shown in Partners current a/c
Proforma –Under Fixed capital Method

B – Fluctuating capital Method
Under Fluctuating capital method ,only one account – Capital Account for each partner is maintained.Adjustment in respect of additional capital, drawings, interest on capital,salary, commission, share of profit or loss are made directly in capital account.since the capital balance of partners fluctuating year to year.
Fixed capital Method | Fluctuating Capital method |
Capital A/c + Current A/c = | Capital A/c |


Questions
Q1 – Anand and Balan entered into a partnership contributing Rs.50,000 and Rs.30,000 respectively.They decided to share profits and losses in the ratio of 2:1. Anand was entitled to a salary of Rs.5000 p.a. Interest on capital was to be provided @6% p.a. The drawings of Anand and Balan for the year ending Dec.31,2015 were Rs.6,000 and Rs.5,000 respectively. Interest on drawings , Anand Rs.300 and Balan Rs.200 to be charged.The profit of the firm after providing for Anand’s salary and Interest on capital and taking into account interest on drawings were Rs.15,000.
Prepare the capital accounts of partners assuming that they maintaining the accounts according to
a) Fixed capital methods
b) Fluctuating capital method
Ans : a) Capital A/c balances – Anand – 50,000, Balan – 30.000. Current A/c Anand – 11,700, Balan – 1,600
b) Capital A/c – Anand – 61,700 , Balan – 31,600
Q2 – Ajith and Sajith entered in to a partnership agreement on 1st April 2010 with capital contribution of Rs.20,000 and Rs.40,000 respectively.They agreed up on the following terms and conditions.
- Profits and losses to be shared equally
- Interest on capital @12%
- Annual salary to Ajith Rs.6,000
- Commission to sajith @ Rs.400 per month
- Interest on drawings @9% p.a
Ajith withdraw Rs.4000 on October 1,2010 and Sajith Rs.8000 on July 1,2010. Sajith has given a loan of Rs.12,000 on January 1.2011 to the firm.The profit of the firm after making all adjustments was Rs.16,000.
Prepare Capital Accounts of partners as on March 31, 2011 according to
a) Fixed capital method
b) Fluctuating capital Method.
Ans : a) Capital A/c – Ajith – 20,000, Sajith – 40,000, Current Accounts Ajith – 12,220, Sajith- 9240
b) Capital A/c s – Ajith
Note : If nothing has been mentioned about the rate of interest on loan given by partner interest @6% should be given to the partner who has advanced loan over and above capital contribution.
Q3 – Sameer and Yasmin are partners with capitals of Rs.15,00,000 and Rs. 10,00,000 respectively. They agreed to share profits in the ratio of 3:2. Show how the following transactions will be recorded in the capital accounts of the partners in case: (i) the capitals are fixed, and (ii) the capitals are fluctuating. The books are closed on March 31, every year.
Prepare Capital Accounts of Partners as
a)Fixed capital method and
b)Fluctuating capital method.
Ans : a) Capital Accounts – Sameer – 18,00,000, yasmin – 12,00,000. Current A/cs Sameer – 1,40,700 , Yasmin – 80,800
b) Capital A/c Sameer – 19,40,700, Yasmin – 12,80,800
Q4 – Anil and Sunil commenced business as partners on 1st April 2008. Anil contributed Rs.1,25,000 and Sunil contributed Rs.75,000 as their share of capital.The partners decided to share profit and losses in the ratio of 2:1. Anil was entitled a salary of Rs.1500 per month. Interest on capital was to be provided @6% p.a. The drawings of Anil and Sunil for the year ending 31 st march 2009 were Rs.12,000 and 24,000 respectively.The profit of the firm after providing for Anil’s salary and Interest on capital were Rs.36,000.
Draw up the capital accounts of the partners when:
A – Capital are fluctuating
B – Capital are fixed.
(Ans: Fluctuating Anil:1,62,500.Sunil 67,500.Fixed : Anil’s capital – 1,25,000, Sunil’s Capital:75,000. Current A/c 67,500, 75,000 (Dr).
Distribution of profit/loss among partners
Profit and loss appropriation account
This is an extension of profit and loss account to record partner’s adjustment items and is prepared to show how net profit has been distributed among the partners
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Journal Entries
1 – Transfer of the balance of P&L A/c to P&L Appropriation A/c
- If Profit
P&L A/c Dr
To P&L Appropriation A/c
- If Loss
P&L Appropriation A/c
To P&L A/c
2 – Interest on Capital
- For crediting Interest on capital to Partners’ capital Account
Interest on Capital Account A/c Dr
To Partner’s Capital/Current A/c (Individually)
- For transferring balance of interest on Capital to P&L Appropriation A/c
P&L Appropriation A/c
To Interest on capital A/c
3 – Interest on Drawings
- For charging Interest on Drawings to partner’s capital A/c
Partner’s Capital/Current A/c (Individually)
To Interest on Drawings A/c
- For transferring balance of Interest on drawings a/c to P&L Appropriation A/c
Interest on Drawings A/c Dr
To P&L Appropriation A/c
4 – Partners’ Salary/Commission
- For crediting Salary/Commission to Partners’ capital Account
Salary/Commission to Partner A/c Dr
To Partner’s Capital/Current A/c (Individually)
- For transferring balance Salary/Commission a/c to P&L Appropriation A/c
P&L Appropriation A/c
To Salary/Commission to Partner A/c
5 – Transfer of the balance of P&L Appropriation A/c to Partners’ Capital A/c
- If Profit
P&L Appropriation A/c Dr
To Partner’s Capital/Current A/c (Individually) A/c
- If Loss
Partner’s Capital/Current A/c (Individually) A/c Dr
To P&L Appropriation A/c

Questions
Q5 – Amit, Babu and Charu set up a partnership firm on April 1, 2019. They contributed Rs. 50,000, Rs. 40,000 and Rs. 30,000, respectively as their capitals and agreed to share profits and losses in the ratio of 3 : 2 :1. Amit is to be paid a salary of Rs. 1,000 per month and Babu, a Commission of Rs. 5,000. It is also provided that interest to be allowed on capital at 6% p.a. The drawings for the year were Amit Rs. 6,000, Babu Rs. 4,000 and Charu Rs. 2,000. Interest on drawings of Rs. 270 was charged on Amit’s drawings, Rs. 180 on Babu’s drawings and Rs. 90, on Charu’s drawings. The net profit as per Profit and Loss Account for the year ending March 31, 2020 was Rs. 35,660. Prepare the Profit and Loss Appropriation Account to show the distribution of profit among the partners.
Ans :Share of profit transferred to Capital accounts -Amit 6,000 Babu 4,000, Charu 2,000
Q6 – On 1st January 2009 Anand ,Balan and Chandran entered into partnership contributing Rs.60,000, Rs.40,000 and Rs.20,000 respectively and sharing profits and losses in the ratio of 5:3:2. Balan is entitled to a salary of Rs.5,000 and Chandran a commission of Rs.4,000 per year.Interest on capital is to be allowed at 5% per annum.During the year Anand withdrew Rs.10,000 , Balan Rs.6,000 and Chandran Rs.5,000. Interest on drawings was charged Rs.250 on Anand’s drawings Rs.150 on Balan’s drawings and Rs.200 on Chandran’s drawings.Profit in 2009 before the above mentioned adjustments was Rs.50,000.
You are required to pass the necessary journal entries relating to appropriation of profit and prepare the Profit and loss Appropriation Account and the partners Capital Accounts.
Partner’s Drawing A/c
Withdrawal by a partner in the form of money or money’s worth from a firm in anticipation of profit is called Drawings.It is a personal account.
Journal entry
Partner’s Drawings A/c Dr
To cash/Purchase A/c
At the end of accounting period,drawing account is closed by transfer to Partner’s Capital/Current A/c.
Partner’s Capital/Current A/c Dr
To Partner’s Drawing A/c
Note:If some amount is withdrawn from capital,it is recorded in capital A/c,not in Drawings A/c
Partner’s capital A/c Dr
To Cash/Bank A/c
Interest on capital
The Interest on capital is paid to the partners as a compensation for their capital contribution to the firm.If they invested this amount out side the business ,it would have a normal rate of interest and if some partners contributed more amount disproportionate to their profit sharing rights , they will be at an advantageous position.
- Interest on capital is a an expense for the firm and gain for partners individually. It is to be allowed only if the partnership deed provides for it.
- No interest on capital is payable if the firm is working at a loss.
Journal Entries
- To provide interest on on capital
Interest on capital A/c Dr
To Partners capital A/c(Individually)
- To close the Interest on capital Account
P&L Appropriation A/c Dr
To Interest on capital A/c
Interest on capital = Capital X Rate X Period for which amount remained in the business.
Case – 1 – When there is no addition to or withdrawal from capital during the year
Interest is calculated for whole year on the opening capital
Interest on capital=Opening capital X Rate X 12/12(Period)
Case-2 When there is additional capital contribution during the accounting year
Interest on capital = For Opening capital – Full year
For Additional capital – On the date to the end of the financial year.
Ex: Opening capital of Mr. A is 50,000,Rate of interest is 10%, he brought additional capital on july31 Rs.20000
Interest on capital = For opening capital 50000 X10100X 1212 = 5000 (For 12 months)
For additional capital 20000 X10100 X12 5 = 833 (for 5 months)
Interest on capital due to Mr.A is (5000+833) Rs 5833
Case – 3
If opening balance of capital Account is not given

Case – 4 When there is withdrawal out of capital(From) during the year
Interest on capital = On opening capital up to the date of withdrawal
On capital after withdrawing for the remaining period.
Ex: Opening capital of Mr. A is 50,000,Rate of interest is 10%,he withdraw capital on july31 Rs.20000
Interest on capital = For opening capital 50000 X10100X 712 = 2916 (For 7 months, full amount)
For remaining capital 30000 X10100 X 512 = 1250 (for 5 months, after withdrawal)
Interest on capital due to Mr.A is (2916+1250) Rs 4166
Questions
Interest on Drawings
Interest is to be charged on the withdrawal made by partners if it has been specifically mentioned in the Partnership deed.It is an Income for the firm(Credited to P&L Appn: A/c) and expense of each partner(Debited to each partner’s capital A/c)
Journal entries
1-to charge interest on drawings
Partner’s capital A/c Dr (Individually)
To interest on drawings A/c
2-To close Interest on drawings A/c
Interest on Drawings A/c Dr
To P& L Appn: A/c
Different ways of computing Interest on Drawings
1 – Amount,Rate, Date are given
Interest drawings = Total drawings X Rate X Period Ex: 36000 X 10100 x712
2 – Date of withdrawal not given ; Amount, Rate are given
If the date of drawings is not given,it may be assumed that drawings were made evenly throughout the year.In such a case interest should be for Six months
Interest drawings = Total drawings X Rate X 6/12
3 – Product Method-Different amounts withdrawn at different intervals
The date of drawings and different amounts withdrawn are clearly stated the interest may be calculated with the help of “ Product method”
Steps
a-Calculate the time period, withdrawal period to closing period ( 1-3-2018 to 31-12-2018, 10 months)
b-Multiply the amount with the period, Amount X period,this is called “Product” ( 20000 x 10 = 200000)
c-Add up the various product
d-Calculate the Interest for one month on the Sum of product.
Interest on Drawings = Sum of Product X Rate X 1/12
4 – Fixed Amount withdrawn every month
If a partner withdraws a fixed amount at regular intervals, the interest on drawings can be calculated on the basis of average period. It depends upon whether the fixed amount is withdrawn on the first day,middle or end of the each month or quarter
First Day of each month |
Interest on drawings = Total drawings XRate X 6.5/12 |
(For 6.5 months) |
Middle of each month |
Interest on drawings = Total drawings XRate X 6/12 |
(For 6 months) |
Last Day of each month |
Interest on drawings = Total drawings XRate X 5.5/12 |
(For 5.5 months) |
At the beginning of each Quarter |
Interest on drawings = Total drawings XRate X 7.5/12 |
(For 7.5 months) |
At the middle of each quarter |
Interest on drawings = Total drawings XRate X 6/12 |
(For 6 months) |
At the end of each Quarter |
Interest on drawings = Total drawings XRate X 4.5/12 |
(For 4.5 months) |
Questions
Guarantee of Profit to a Partner
Sometimes, on admission of a new partner, the existing partners may give an assurance to the incoming partner that he shall be given a minimum amount of profit irrespective of the firm’s actual profit.The newly admitted partner enjoys the privilege of getting the guaranteed profit.The deficiency is borne by all other partners in their Profit sharing Ratio.
Steps
- Distribute the profit to all partners as per profit sharing ratio.
- Calculate the deficiency or guaranteed partner ( Agreed amount – actual profit share)
- Deduct the share of deficiency from other partner’s profit share ( deficiency X PSR of remaining partner’s only)
- and add all the amounts to guaranteed partners share of profit.
Ex: A,B and C, Profit sharing ratio is 2:3:1, C is guaranteed profit of Rs 15,000, Profit for the year Rs 60,000
- Profit share A = 60000 X 26 = 20000
B = 60000 X 3/6 = 30000
C = 60000 X 1/6 = 10000
- Deficiency of C 5000 (15000- 10000=5000)
- Share of deficiency borne by A= 5000 X 2//5 = 2000
Share of deficiency borne by B= 5000 X 3/5 = 3000
- New share of Profit A = 20000 – 2000 = 18000
New share of Profit B = 30000 – 3000 = 27000
New share of Profit C = 10000 + 2000+3000 = 15000
Questions
Past Adjustments
Sometimes a few omissions or errors are found in partnership accounts after final accounts have been prepared and the profits distributed among t he partners.The omission in respect of Interest on capital,salary,commission etc. All these need adjustments for correction instead of altering old accounts by way of
- Through “P&L Adjustment A/c” or
- Directly in the capital A/c of partners.
- Through P&L Adjustment A/c ( Ex :Interest on Capital )
Journal Entry
Right Entry
P&L Adjustment A/c Dr 9000
To A’s capital A/C 3000
To A’s capital A/C 6000
(interest on capital is credited to capital a/cs)
Correction Entry
A’s capital A/C 4500
B’s capital A/C 4500
To P&L Adjustment A/c Dr 9000
(The amount debited to capital accounts in PSR, which are credited wrongly before)
- Directly partners Capital Accounts
For direct adjustment in partners capital account prepare a statement to ascertain the net effect of omission on partners capital account.
In order to rectify this error :-
A’s capital A/c Dr 1500
To B’s capital A/c 1500
Questions
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